Consumer Behavior and Culture

Failures and successes of any business enterprise depend on the behavior of its consumers. The behavior of the end-user consumer affects both the producer of final goods as well as the intermediaries who distribute the products from the point of production to the point of consumption.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Behavior and Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Understanding consumer behavior can play a great role in a business enterprise as it helps identifying its weak points and reflect on the positive aspects which can enable it to win the confidence of the consumers (Sinha, 2012). The consumer behavior and the purchasing decision are closely related. Information about consumer product usage therefore enables organizations to come up with effective ways of designing their products (Turner, 2012). The amount and types of goods that producers produce depend on the level of consumption of the co nsumers. The trends in consumer behavior have also been known to reflect the performance of the national economy. When the level of consumption is high, businesses tend to increase in size and profitability (Perner, 2010). An economy that has well performing businesses is able to realize significant growth. Therefore, with a high level of consumption in the economy, the level of economic growth is also high and vice versa. In order for business enterprises to increase their profitability, they need to develop a strategy that can enable them to market their products to consumers effectively. Most organizations devise marketing strategies whose goal is to enable them understand the consumption trends in the areas where they operate. In order to succeed in this process, businesses need to employ a team of marketers who would focus on learning about the consumption behavior of consumers in different markets (Turner, 2012). When marketers gain a better understanding of consumers in a par ticular region, they are able to give relevant market information to their organizations. Organizations are therefore able to make adjustments to the products that they produce thereby making them more appealing to the consumers. Understanding consumer behavior entails knowing what the real wants of consumers are. This way, a business enterprise can be able to design a product that meets the exact needs of its consumers (Reference for Business, 2012). Therefore, it is the responsibility of all marketers to ensure that they take time to understand the consumption behavior of consumers so that they can manage to come up with the appropriate marketing strategies that would assist in capturing the attention of the consumers. This way, they would be able to win a large number of consumers thereby increasing the profitability of their organization.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marketers need to understand that the purchases consumers make are meant to address a number of problems that face them. Whenever a customer consumes a product that addresses his basic needs, he is said to be driven by necessity. Therefore marketers should analyze the behavior of such a consumer based on his needs. However, there is a different group of consumers who purchase goods based on the attractiveness of the products. It is therefore true that different groups of consumers have varying needs and wants (Delbert, Roger, Kenneth, 2002). Based on the different motives for which consumers demand for goods and services, it is the responsibility of marketers to ensure that they understand the unique attributes that consumers look for in the products that they purchase. They should therefore ensure that their organizations incorporate the attributes that they observe from the customers in order to make the products more appealing to the customers thus increasing the number of sales of the products (Lamb, Hair, McDaniel, 2011). There are certain products that make it difficult for customers to choose between alternatives because of similarity in the features of them (Sinha, 2012). In this case, it becomes difficult for marketers to sell products to customers since they are not aware of the exact product features that are appealing to the customers. Sellers often find it difficult to sell their products to customers because they focus a lot of attention on the products that they desire to sell. It is therefore difficult for many business owners to fully understand the reasons why certain customers remain inclined to specific products that are offered by other business enterprises. This issue brings in the need for businesses to hire marketers who would concentrate on identifying the reasons why consumers remain inclined to certain product types (Turner, 2012). The marketers are able to carry out an in depth analysis of the various types of consumer behaviors.A dvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Behavior and Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The marketers are also able to give the producer of a particular product the types of features that customers look for in a product. The producer can therefore change the manner in which he produces his products and instead introduce new features which seem to be more appealing to the customers. This makes the sales revenue of the business enterprise to go up (Reference for Business, 2012). However, this would not be possible if a business enterprise does not take time to study the behavior of its customers. The marketers of any type of business can therefore be said to have a very significant impact in terms of influencing the consumption pattern of consumers (Lamb, Hair, McDaniel, 2011). In the case of the businesses that do not take time to study the consumption behavior of their customers, their sales revenue eith er remain constant or decrease because of the increased competitiveness in the business environment. The consumption pattern of consumers keeps changing once in a while based on the lifestyle that people adopt. For example, the consumption pattern today is not the same as the consumption pattern that existed in the early 1990s. As technology advances and people’s lifestyles change, the consumption behavior also changes. As a result, marketers should ensure that they keep abreast with the consumption patterns of the consumers so that their marketing strategies can remain relevant to the consumers. This way, they would be able to implement marketing strategies that would influence the consumption patterns of consumers thereby ensuring that the organizations continue receiving a significant number of consumers. This would have the net effect of increasing an organizations profit margin (Delbert, Roger, Kenneth, 2002). By understanding the consumption pattern of consumers, the m arketers would be able to implement future marketing strategies that would enable them to remain relevant in the eyes of the consumers. The marketers should therefore be able to come up with effective promotional offers and marketing tactics which would ensure that their organization continues to experience significant growth. In the world today, organizations are introducing new products to enable them cope with the competitive pressure in the business environment. As a result, marketers are being faced with the problem of deciding whether they should introduce new products in the market or whether they should keep up with their current products. When organizations realize that there is an increase in the competitive pressure because of the introduction of new products in the market, they start carrying out market surveys aimed at determining whether the introduction of a new product would be effective in raising their profit margins (Sinha, 2012).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marketers therefore carry out a study of the consumer’s buying behavior in order know whether the introduction of a new product would be welcome by the consumers. Therefore, when marketers carry out a study of consumers’ behaviors, they are able to determine whether the introduction of a new product would be effective in meeting the needs of the consumers. Therefore, if consumers are observed to make purchases of a particular product regularly, marketers get to understand the consumption habits of the consumers. Once consumers demonstrate that they have an interest in a particular product, it is time for the marketers to introduce a new product in the market (Agadoni, 2012). A company may lose its reputation as a result of engaging in the production of goods that are unfriendly to the customers. In order for such an organization to earn a good reputation, it should hire marketers whose goal would be to ensure that they conduct a study of the products that seem to be mo re appealing to the consumers. The producing firm can therefore manage to come up with a strategy that would enable it to produce products which would meet the needs of consumers adequately (Agadoni, 2012). The company can therefore be able to provide quality goods to its customers thereby enabling it to be in line with its mission statement. In any country, there exist people who come from different cultures. There are people who consume certain products whereas it is a taboo for other communities to consume the same products. It is therefore the responsibility of a business enterprise to ensure that the goods being marketed to a particular society are acceptable. Therefore, before marketing any products in any society, it is important for marketers to ensure that they fully understand the product preferences of the members of that particular community (Blythe, 2008). After a critical study of the consumers, the marketers would be able to understand the type of products to offer to the society in order to ensure that they increase their customer base significantly. Therefore, it is true that marketers are capable of providing a business enterprise with an understanding of the types of products that should be offered to certain communities (Lamb, Hair, McDaniel, 2011). This way, the level of demand would be high in such communities thereby increasing the overall profitability of the business enterprise. Products that can meet the needs of consumers effectively are very important. In this perspective, it is true that most consumers demand for goods and services in order for them to survive. Other reasons why consumers demand for goods and services include prestige, security, or love. For example, the promotion of women’s perfumes implies that women are likely to receive love if they use the perfumes. This is the same case with the advertisement of men’s cologne. In addition, prestige products are treated as very important by marketers. Marketers convince consumers that the products are important by giving the products bold advertisements (Blythe, 2008). Most prestige products are charged high prices. Therefore, when luxury products are sold at expensive prices, the consumers give them more significance by assuming that they are of high quality. Marketers therefore need to ensure that they are proficient in marketing tactics and in analyzing consumer behavior in order to know which products they should offer at expensive prices and which products they should sell at cheaper prices It is important for marketers to understand consumer’s psychology in order to know why they buy certain products. There are instances when marketers need to know the reasons why consumers purchase certain products. This is in order for them to know whether they can be able to influence the buying pattern of consumers (De-Mooij, 2010). When marketers engage in the study of consumer behavior, they get to understand that there are those people who buy products out of the influence of other people while there are people who buy products in order to satisfy themselves. For example, a shoe company that wishes to successfully market its products to consumers who wish to satisfy their own needs would mostly advertise about the comfort that the shoes would offer the customer. However, in the case where a company wishes to market its products to those people whose buying decisions are influenced by the decisions of others, the company can tell the consumers about how good they would look by wearing the shoes (De-Mooij, 2010). The shoes should therefore be displayed differently in stores so that the different types of consumers can be able to easily identify the shoes that meet their needs adequately. In addition, since the green movement is gaining momentum, the marketing strategies that organizations adopt will have to reflect more on environmentally friendly lifestyles in order to influence the purchasing decisions of consumer s. Reference List Agadoni, L., 2012, Why Do Marketers Need to Know Consumer Needs? Web. Blythe, J., 2008, Consumer Behaviour, Cengage Learning, New York. Delbert, H, Roger, B Kenneth, C., 2002, Consumer Behavior: Building Marketing  Strategy, McGraw-Hill, New York. De-Mooij, M., 2010, Consumer Behavior and Culture: Consequences for Global  Marketing and Advertising, SAGE, New York. Lamb, C. W., Hair, J. F., McDaniel, C. (2011). Essentials of Marketing. New York: Cengage Learning. Perner, L., 2010, Consumer Behavior: The Psychology of Marketing. Web. Reference for Business, 2012, Consumer Behavior. Web. Sinha, J., 2012, Understanding Consumer Behaviour in Markets. Web. Turner, J., 2012, Why the Second Purchase is the Most Important Purchase You Get  from a Customer. Web. This essay on Consumer Behavior and Culture was written and submitted by user Mat Moth to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

America the land of opportunity Essay Example

America the land of opportunity Essay Example America the land of opportunity Paper America the land of opportunity Paper The progressive era, being known for reform of political corruption, health laws, and labor laws all came with the suffering of thousands. Many of these reforms were at the torment of the immigrants that came to America in search of a better life. In â€Å"The Jungle† by Upton Sinclair, we are brought to the pain and distress of the progressive era through Jurgis and his family. Through this family we are taken to Packingtown in Chicago to view the effects of progressivism on the nations industries and immigrant families. In Sinclair’s, â€Å"The Jungle† we are shown the progressive era’s effects on immigrants and their families which lead to the creation of many laws we have today. Immigrant families came to America in search of new opportunities through the idea that America was a place to prosper-possibly become wealthy-and provide a better life for their families. â€Å"It was Jonas who suggested that they all go to America, where a friend of his had gotten rich. He would work for his part, and the women would work, and some of the children, doubtless- they would live somehow. †(Sinclair 22) Every Immigrant who came to America believed that America was the land of opportunity. Between the years nineteen hundred and nineteen hundred and twenty, over fourteen million Immigrants had come to America to make their lives better. Upon arriving in the United States many of the immigrants had a dream that the money would begin to flow in and their dreams would come true. Besides the opportunity to make money most of the Immigrants fled their old lives to escape the shortage of land, and political and religious persecution in hopes that America could free them from all of troubles of their homeland. â€Å"†¦Employment for thousands upon thousands of men, of opportunity and freedom, of life and love and joy. When they came away, arm in arm, Jurgis was saying, ’tomorrow I shall go there and get a job! ’†(Sinclair 29) Many had dreams of finding great jobs as soon as arriving in America. This dream was quickly destroyed when future workers began looking for jobs. True getting jobs were not impossible but for Immigrants these jobs that they were able to acquire were not great jobs. They were jobs that required little skill and much more focused on stamina. These backbreaking jobs were tough and did not let up. Without the labor laws and help from the American Federation of Labor (AFL)-and many of its subsidiaries (i. e. UMWA, IWW, NCL)-that we have today-limiting the amount we work and a set minimum wage-many of the immigrants worked twelve hour days, seven days a week for a mere twelve dollars and fifty cents a week. That’s a fourteen-cent hourly wage. This is shown in Jurgis’ family for which in order for them to get a house and possibly get married, Jurgis’ wife, Ona, has to also get a job. The immigrant women were also a major part of the workforce in the immigrant factories. Along with taking care of children women would work in sewing factories for a small six to seven dollar weekly wage for the same amount of hours that a man would work. These sewing factories were just as dangerous as any other factory with over crowded shops, filled machines that would often injure and possibly kill these ladies. Many of these ladies when they became pregnant, quite possibly, would have to return to work only a week after giving birth in order to retain their jobs. â€Å"This was more cruel yet for Ona, who ought to have stayed home and nursed him, the doctor said, for her own health as well as the baby’s; but Ona had to go to work. †(Sinclair 107) In The Jungle, Ona becomes pregnant and does return to work only a week, leaving her with a fragile body that has not completely healed. She loses her job and goes into the last resort of prostitution which many of progressive ladies resorted to in order to beat the capitalistic society that they thought their dreams were made of. The result of the women suffrage and forced prostitution in the early nineteen hundreds led to the creation of the New York State Factory Investigation Commission (FIC) setting the standard for factories to limit hours that women could work in the factories and make safer working conditions. The FIC not only helped out the women at the turn of the century but also made the lives of many children better. The children before the time of the FIC also had many hardships to deal with. Although being illegal for children under the age of sixteen to work many families in order to survive in the industrial jungle of America. Immigrant families often lied about their children’s age to get them out of schools and into the workplace. â€Å"The law made no difference except that it forced people to lie about the ages of their children. †(Sinclair 68) This was often necessary for families to put their children through the industrial monster of big business in order to possibly have a chance at their own American dream of opportunities. The children often worked in the same hazardous places that the adult men and women would work. The conditions of these factories were grotesque. Fertilizer plants were unsafe with many of the workers possibly falling into the machines and would end up themselves part of the fertilizer. When Sinclair wrote The Jungle, he said that he was writing the novel to touch the American heart but in society actually reading his novel he hit their stomachs more than anything. Through Sinclair’s muckraking tactics in exposing the unethical ways of the meat packing industry he showed how â€Å"meat so spoiled it could not be used for anything else†(133) it would be used to make sausage and how the rat problem was so bad that when they died from poisoned bread â€Å"the rats and the poisoned bread along with the meat would be put in the hoppers together. †(135) After the publication of Sinclair’s all to real novel, the American public as well as the government would take part in investigating the meat packing industry. Directly related to the stories told in The Jungle, President Roosevelt declared the Meat Inspection Act which made the department of agriculture responsible for inspecting and labeling meat. One of the main reasons that there was corruption any way throughout these industries is the fact that they relied on a capitalistic way of business. Capitalism was the way the businesses worked in which the companies would reap all of the profits while only paying the workers the bare minimum. The business controlled the economy and through social Darwinism or â€Å"survival of the fittest† the only people making any money were the business owners. Sinclair often refers to his trust in socialism and dislike of capitalism as a way of lowering the impact of social Darwinism and bring the economy back to the government and the government back to the people. The debate of the capitalistic ways of the companies lead to many violent strikes that lead to distress between companies and its workers. Through the fighting and suffering of the early century immigrants of the progressive era we now have many laws and regulations that we all take for granted today. Sinclair through his writings in The Jungle has showed us that through the lives of Immigrant families what we may have had to live with if they did not go through the turmoil of capitalistic big business. The laws and regulations set as a result of the suffrage in the progressive era and Sinclair’s muckraking make our lives much more enjoyable and healthier. Just imagine without the changes of early nineteenth century progressivism we to could be working eighty- four hour work- weeks and having diseased rats and meat for dinner. Bibliography : Bibliography 1. Sinclair, Upton. The Jungle. New York: Bantam, 1906 2. Faragher, John. Out of Many: A History of American People. 3rd ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001

Dialectical Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dialectical Argument - Essay Example I said that little by little, people should start patronizing free and open source softwares so that softwares could be more accessible to all, poor and rich people alike. . FOSS are increasingly gaining popularity worldwide. In contrast to proprietary softwares, all FOSS grant users the right to use, study, change, and improve software design through the availability of the source codes. Programmers can use a particular software with a particular function to fit into a more comprehensive program he or she is designing. The word "free," in this context refers to the freedom to use or modify the source and not to the price of the software. Some FOSS are sold to consumers. However, some software developers release their softwares to the public entirely free of charge. The three softwares I mentioned are examples of the latter. My friend however was not that supportive of FOSS compared to me. In fairness to her, she clarified that she was not against FOSS per se. What she was against is giving the software away to the public free of charge. She fears that such measures takes away incentives for software developers to continue designing softwares. For her, this is detrimental to the software sciences as a whole. Being a sociology major, she also raised that as direct products of labor, mainly that of programmers, softwares have exchange value based on Marxs theory of value (Parry and Bloch). The exchange value, she said, was obvious, as softwares, be it proprietary or FOSS can be sold in the market. She contends that it was simply unfair and irrational for software developers to put an effort into developing a product with commercial value and simply giving it away for free. Indeed, Anna raised valid concerns. The quest for profit has indeed fueled many people and corporations to make advances in technology. Years back, kids have been inspired by the media and their parents to imitate "big-time" people like Bill

There is a real danger of a house price bubble in London. Discuss Essay - 10

There is a real danger of a house price bubble in London. Discuss - Essay Example Such a scenario envisions that indeed the house price bubble in London which is about to burst. Ideally, just like any other cosmopolitan city in the world London’s property market has been on an upward trajectory for a considerable period given the fact the position of the town on the global map is favourable for both business and luxury living thus attracting the world’s rich to purchase the properties (Nationwide Building Society, n.d.). The influx of foreign capital into the London house market led to the steady increase of the house prices to cater for the growing demand by outsiders thus making the process unaffordable for the local Londoners. According to the available statistics, Middle Easterners account for about forty percent of London’s luxury property buyers followed by Americans and Russians. The fact the foreigners are increasingly becoming attracted to investing in London’s property market has been the primary reason for the massive surge of house prices in London. Developers are coming up with luxury and new concept homes to cater for these clients who are ready to part with premium prices as opposed to the locals who cannot afford the house prices. Literally, a significant number of Londoners have been shelved off the price ladder since the prices is technically unsustainable for them since they do not match their earnings thus making the homes unaffordable to a majority of London native s (Fry, 2013). On that light, the buyer demand for London properties has fallen drastically since the target market are essentially the wealthy foreigners who are willing to spend extra capital to acquire the premium homes in London thus scaring away the conventional buyers from making offers for the houses. However, the situation is not exclusive in London alone. Conventionally, it was deemed that the price surge was only limited to the prime areas of London such as Westminster. The

The historical pedigree of globalisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The historical pedigree of globalisation - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that for many, globalization has been a defining characteristic, or even the defining characteristic, of the post-war period. However, as we will see, it is not so easy to rope off globalization as an exclusively post-war, or even exclusively modern phenomenon. Furthermore, it has been a Eurocentric phenomenon, as reinforced by Marxist and Classical Liberal theories, with the Eastern peoples merely the passive objects in the story. For many scholars in recent centuries, the global narrative since Columbus reached the Americas in 1492 has been one of the steady growth of Western power and influence across the world, culminating in a Western dominance of a globalized economy after the Second World War. Such theories have also worked on the assumption that Europe, uniquely, always had the potential to take the lead on the global stage, and to develop further and faster than other regions, largely because of its native urge towards a Capitalist economy, and liberal institutions. We shall see that this is not only not the full picture, but that it is a deeply flawed and misleading picture. Globalisation is not new, but Western dominance in globalizing processes is new. While Eurocentric theories were once the norm in academic discourse, they have undergone serious challenges in recent decades. Edward Said’s â€Å"Orientalism† shook historians’ complacency about the European boundaries of their work.... Notably, Abu-Lughod (1989) argued for the centrality of the Middle East in world history and global exchange, while Gunder Frank (1998) posited the importance of East and Southeast Asia in truly global trading networks. Notions of globalisation which played up the importance of the Western world were generally focused on the post-1945 era, but much of the above literature has rethought globalisation as a much longer-term phenomenon, as well as one which started in the East. A key reason why Western scholars were long unable to recognise that globalisation predated the 20th century was that they have long viewed it in terms of the rise of Western Capitalism. As Hobson (2007) points out, none of the leading economies between 500 and 1800 CE were Western. Globalisation in past centuries was largely fuelled by the wealth and communications of industries and markets that stretched across Asia, and China and India stand out as particularly important global players for much of recorded hist ory. In the 18th century, China accounted for an astonishing 25% of the world’s population, compared to 20% today (Flynn and Giraldez 2006, p. 239), and when European merchants first moved East in search of new opportunities, they should not be regarded as the first signs of an emerging European dominance, but rather as an attempt by a less economically productive region to gain footholds in the trade with the world’s economic powerhouse. Hobson (2007) maintains that China maintained a dominant role in the global economy even later than suggested by Gunder Frank. He states that it continued to outstrip Britain in its share of world manufacturing input

Impact Of Community Violence On Children And Adolescents Criminology Essay

Impact Of Community Violence On Children And Adolescents Criminology Essay Using the Social Ecological Model as a framework for evaluating the effects of community violence effects on children and template for prevention and intervention programs Abstract The effects on children of community-based violence are consequences that raise grave concern in Jamaica and across the world. Various empirical work and reviews have well-documented the many negative effects. However, relations between community violence, the individual, the environment, and child development do not occur in a vacuum.  The impact can be understood as related to changes in the society, communities, relationships, and other  social  contexts which children experience, and in the psychological processes activated by these  social ecologies.  To promote this inter-related process-oriented perspective, a  social  ecological  model  for the effects of community violence on children is presented, to indicate the need for prevention and intervention programs to tackle the issue of community violence from this perspective.   Research questions: Are the impacts of community violence dimensional Hypothesis: Impacts of community violence are dimensional and have ripple effects across all dimensions as identified in Bronfenbrenner Social Ecological Model Community violence frequently refers to a wide range of events including riots, sniper attacks, torture, bombings war, ethnic cleansing, and widespread sexual, physical and emotional abuse (Logsdon, 2010). Background/Problem Living in chronically violent context has been a perennial problem in developed and developing countries. Community violence is recognized as a major public health problem (WHO, World Report on Violence and Health, 2000; Cooley, Lambert, Ialongo, 2003), and affects all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups, but its impact falls most heavily on poor, urban, and minority groups, particularly youth (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1997; Christoffel, 1990, Stein et al, 2003). Much of the empirical work done on childrens exposure to community-based violence has focused on implications such as the impacts, protective factors, cause for childrens resilience, mediating and moderating factors among others, all evaluated as detached dimensions. This review proposes that living in a chronically violent context has the potential to affect childrens overall quality of life. Therefore, evaluating the implications of childrens experience of living in chronically violent setting and the impact on their development need to be looked at from a multidimensional level with it all being interconnected. Notably, research that focuses on any one level underestimates the effects of other contexts (Klein et al., 1999; Rousseau House, 1994; Stokols, 1996). The purpose of this review includes mutually greater insight into this particular context of living in chronically violent settings and the provision of a template for study of the impact of childrens exposure to violence in the Caribbean and other regions of the world.  Accordingly, the applicability of this approach is considered for the context of community violence in Jamaica. This review seeks to evaluate the four levels as a mode of informing prevention and intervention programs on how to target community violence based on the interplay intra-context and inter-context. The Social Ecological Model The Social Ecological Model (SEM) allows for the integration of multiple levels and contexts to establish the  overall impact and in conflict communication. (Oetzel, Ting-Toomey, Rinderle, 2006) In examining the effects of community violence, its most likely relevant to assess equally the individuals direct experience of violence as well as the actual amount of violence that is occurring in the surrounding environment, be it direct or indirectly. This distinction is analogous to Bronfenbrenners distinction between the microsystem and the exosystem (Bronfenbrenner, 1977). Direct experiences of violence are part of the childs immediate environment (or microsystem). These direct experiences occur within a broader context-the exosystem-that provides a backdrop for the childs immediate experiences. Rates of violent crime in a neighborhood, for example, provide a measure of how much violence is occurring in a community, even though the child may not be directly experiencing it himself or herself. But these more remote, ambient occurrences of violence still can exert influences on childrens development-through how they affect the availability and adequacy of resources and supports, and how they affect the familys emotional well-being and approach to daily life. Both direct (microsystemic) and indirect (exosystemic) experiences of community violence are important and relevant to investigate, and they each may affect childrens adaptation. It is important for researchers to be clear in specifying what they are measuring so that they can be more precise in their predictions and in their conclusions. However, despite the burgeoning of the research area, the knowledge base remains fairly diverse. It is dominated by research employing a few select measures or their revisions, several of which have yet to have their psychometric properties documented. Rather than reflecting a consolidated body of findings which can be used to direct policymaking and program design and implementation, the available work constitutes an increasingly complex and fragmented body of empirical findings, drawing from differing assumptions and operationalizations of what constitutes community violence (Guterman et al., 2000, p. 572) Social-ECOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK Bronfenbrenners (1979) ecological framework indicated that humans should be viewed in the context of their environment. Three of the levels within this ecology of human development are the macrosystem, exosystem, and microsystem. The broadest aspect, the macrosystem, consists of institutional patterns such as economic, social, educational, and political systems (Bronfenbrenner, 1979; Cicchetti Lynch, 1993). Bronfenbrenner defined the exosystem as a system that includes social settings, such as interactions between the neighborhood, schools, and churches, along with issues such as a lack of employment opportunities and pervasive low socioeconomic status (Cicchetti Lynch, 1993). Similarly, class status, chronic oppressive experiences, and exposure to violence also fit within the exosystem. The microsystem is the most proximal and directly affects a child (Bronfenbrenner, 1979). This level encompasses the complex interactions between a child and his or her family environment. To better understand relations between violence and child development it is crucial to examine the effects from multiple levels of societal functioning, including community and domestic conflict and psychological processes associated with violence exposure (Feerick and Prinz, 2003). its concentration in poorer areas during prepubescence and in younger adulthood (parenting age) suggests that poorer children are exposed to much more aggressive communities. This is likely to contribute to the disproportionate escalation in violence they experience during adolescence. Effective interventions to prevent such escalations are available and need to be implemented particularly in poor communities. Theoretical models need further development and testing. These models are needed for more compelling explanation on how and why exposure to violence affects child development at different levels (ie. Socially, emotionally, cognitively, neurologically). Such frameworks have the potential to better evaluate social, cultural, ethnic, and political contexts that are integral to understanding the impact of violence exposure (Feerick Prinz, 2003). Contextual theory attends to the influence from various contexts, especially the historical or socio-cultural climates. Ecological theory stresses the importance of various context or systems, including the Microsystems, mesosystems, exosystems and macrosystems. (internet cite) Microsystems encompass a setting that includes where we live, our family, our schools, and our neighbourhoods. Mesosystems pertains to the interactions between experiences in the Microsystems. Exosystems are experiences in another social setting that we do not have an active role in, but that have an immediate influence on us. Community violence falls within this level. However, it is clear that even though at another the interrelatedness of its influence is not detached within the system.Macrosystems generally speaking is the culture in which we live. The literature on community violence has shown that many negative outcomes are results from such exposure (Lynch, 2003, Stein, 2003 Osofsky, 1999). One suggestion for better examination of the effects of community violence is the use of longitudinal studies (Stein et. al). The researchers explained that the use of longitudinal studies would allow examination of the effects of violence on the developmental paths of children. Bearing in mind that the chronicity (when, how often, and over what time frame) of violence exposure may significantly influence a childs developmental trajectory longitudinal studies are essential to better understanding how early violence exposure relates to later violence exposure, symptoms development, school performance, violence perpetration, as well as other high risk behaviours (Stein et. al, 2003). This approach would tap into some levels of the systemic approach to examining the effects, but the interactions within and the influences of the macrosystem variables (poverty, lack of resources, socio-economic status, housing) are not factored here. The Context for the individual Exposure rates very high (Luthar Goldstein, 2004) Psychological effects Among the psychological correlates of childrens exposure to community violence are anxiety symptoms and disorders, depressive symptoms, academic failure, and school disengagement (Boyd, Cooley, Lambert Ialongo, 2003 and Cooley-Quille, Boyd, Frantz, Walsh, 2001) Diagram The individual/Microsystem PTSD Post traumatic stress Disorder (PTSD) is the most common psychological impact identified in the field of literature. In one study the researcher explored the relationship between exposure to chronic community violence and the development of complex PTSD that occur as a result of repeated exposure to traumas (Jones, 2007) Findings revealed despite community violence exposure was a daily part of living among the participants, formal kinship and spirituality, along with high levels of combined supports, demonstrated buffering effects on exposure to violence (Jones, 2007). Psychological effects Not surprisingly, many studies have demonstrated that exposure to community violence can be traumatic for children. Exposure to community violence has been positively correlated with symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in children ranging in age from the early elementary years through adolescence (Fitzpatrick Boldizar, 1993; Horowitz, Weine, Jekel, 1995; Lynch Cicchetti, 1998a). All forms of exposure appear to have some effect- hearing about violence in the community, witnessing it, and being personally victimized. However, chronic exposure to community violence and personal victimization by violence in particular may be especially relevant in the development of symptomatology (Lynch Cicchetti, 1998a; Terr, 1991). Victimization by community violence has been shown to predict levels of traumatic stress even when demographic variables and prior symptomatology have been controlled (Lynch Cicchetti, 1998a). In addition, victimization by community violence predicted symptoms of traumatic stress in a sample of urban children who had been maltreated by a caregiver, even after the effects of maltreatment severity were Substance abuse (Lynch, 2003) Behavioural problems are also linked with exposure to community violence (Stein, 2003) Among these are externalizing problems and internalizing problems. Notably, though there is a distinct association between behavioural problems and exposure to violence, the direction of that association is probably bi-directional. In essence, behavioural problems are simultaneously a predictor to exposure to violence and a result of exposure (Lynch, 2003). Mesosystem Similarly, exposure to community violence has been found to be associated with a wide range of serious problems that influence almost every area of a childs life. They include internalizing and externalizing problems, substance abuse, disturbances of cognition, poor peer relationships, lowered educational outcomes, and higher rates of juvenile justice offences (for reviews see Osofsky, Wewers, Hann, Fick, 1993; Osofsky, 1995; Lynch, 2003). Children are at high risk of for both internalizing and externalizing problems (Luthar Goldstein 2004). In the face of high community violence, positive family processes may have modest protective potential (Luthar Goldstein 2004); in addition to PTSD and more modest ones with depressive symptoms. Social Cognition More urban youths have been caught in gun crossfire than non-urban adolescents ( 24% vs 4%; Schwarz, 1996). Reseachers have noted that low income communities are likely have higher rates of community violence with inner-city children at higher risk of being exposed to criminal offences (Jipguep Sanders-Phillips, )   Robbery was an almost universal experience affecting children from all schools and socio-economic groups (Samms-Vaughan, Jackson, Ashley, 200). The researchers explained that the high level of community violence in Jamaica is likely to expose Jamaican children to violence. Their study reported that a quarter of the children who completed given questionnaires had witnessed severe acts of physical violence such as robbery, shooting and gang wars, a fifth had been victims of serious threats or robbery and one in every twelve had been stabbed. The researchers recommended that intervention strategies to reduce childrens exposure to violence should include community educati on on the impact of exposure to violence on children, and the development of a range of school-based violence prevention programmes (Samms-Vaughan et al, 2005). This suggestion clearly tracts an ecological approach and valuing the relevance of the exosystem. Relationships/Mesosystem Among families living in conditions of poverty, positive parenting, encompassing high monitoring, support and cohesiveness, can help children maintain adequate levels of adjustment, but even the best of families will be limited in shielding their children when living in neighbourhoods where violence is a constant fact of life (Luthar Goldstein, 2004) This strengthens the point of the need for impacts of community violence not be evaluated in a piecemeal fashion, but as a cohesive whole system. For interventions the findings underscore the need to control violence in communities with efforts at both national policy and community levels addressing issues such as good control, neighbourhood, cohesiveness, communities and safety in schools (Luthar Goldstein, 2004); in essence a systemic approach. According to Pottinger, Many children exposed to chronic violence in their community are also beaten regularly at home and school. Feelings of unworthiness, inferiority and low self-esteem were prevalent reports along with expressions of depression. Girls who were shunned or isolated from their peers and boys who were sexually abused were likely to report depression. Low self-esteem, identified more in our boys, may be reflecting the disenfranchisement of some children, as they learn from early that they are not worthy of being protected from violence. These students may then progress to delinquent and aggressive behaviours during their adolescent years, Pottinger said. Vignette from Crawfords book Peer Relations Exsosystem Repeated general population studies would allow us to better understand how childrens exposure to violence is changing overtime (Stein et. al, 2003). The question here would be are community violence types different now. A clear answer would come from looking at the overall dynamics of interactions within each levels of the SEM. To reiterate, contextual factors are important in determining the impact of violence exposure on children (Stein et. al, 2003). This could be used to better inform violence prevention programmes for both schools and community, and to move the research field toward better science around the interplay between violence exposure, emotional and behavioural outcomes, the impact of prevention and intervention programmes, and needed changes in public policy (Stein et. al, 2003). Educational Outcomes Also reiterated are the impacts of community violence on education and leisure activities . When children experience violence at concentrated levels, in so many doses, and from so many directions, they are affected holistically- emotionally, psychologically and cognitively. This situation undermines their ability to be educated as well as access to education that is available (Crawford-Browne, 2010). It is common that children would miss school because community violence preventing them from doing so/ as a result of violence in communities children are often prevented from going to school or attending other leisure activities such as camp or after school programmes. According to Gayle, United Nations research shows a direct correlation between spending on education and levels of crime. In the Caribbean, Barbados has the lowest violence and highest education. Haiti has the highest crime and the lowest education. One of the strategies to get people to participate less in crime is to educate them. Education leads to character building. At the same time, loss of revenue caused by crime means that less can be used on education, Gayle said. Pauletta Chevannes, a lecturer in the Department of Education, University of the West Indies, noting that crime continues to impact greatly on the education system, insists that only with wider social change can the problem be solved.This wider change reiterates the argument of this paper that implementations has to consider the wider levels of the socio-ecological model. microcosm The school is a microcosm of the society and a lot of the violence experienced in these schools is directly related to what is happening in society. Juvenile justice outcomes While risk of exposure to violence is higher among poor, densely populated urban areas, it is not restricted to this group. In addition, the effects of exposure to community violence on health and functioning are vast, particularly in vulnerable populations. Exposure to community violence was strongly related to PTSD, for both victim and witness had adverse mental health outcomes (Fowler, Tompsett, Braciszewski, Jacques-Tiura, Bates, 2009). Personal and family contextual factors may protect an individual from the adverse impact of exposure to community violence (Gorma-Smith, Henry, Tolan, 2004) Exposure to community violence does not occur in isolation. Further research needs to be conducted on social, environmental and contextual factors that protect vulnerable populations, such as women, adolescents and children from adverse outcomes related to violence (Aisenberg Herrenkohl, 2008). Despite these tremendous stressors, some children appear to be less affected than others (Barbarin, 1993; Barbarin, Richter, deWet, 2001). Coping mechanisms enmeshed in family and peer support are protective factors (Jones, 2007). Macrosystem Many children and adolescents in America continue to be exposed to many types of community violence. Some factors such as sex, age, race and socioeconomic status are associated with higher rates of exposure. Community violence affects children from all backgrounds and communities (Stein, Jaycox, Kataoka, Rhodes, Vestal, 2003). The whole system is interrelated. Multiple risk factors such as poverty, overcrowding, inadequate medical care, scarcity of community resources, and parental problem all contribute to the strain within the exo-system within the context of development. It is important to examine the challenges victims and perpetrators may have. However, to widen understanding of effects of chronic violence on children focus need also be place on the ripple effects of the psychological impacts on children who are affected indirectly (Osofsky, 1999). From a prevention and intervention the most significant implication drawn from the body of literature is that in prevention efforts, the primary focus must be on the environment rather than the individuals experiencing the violence (Gorman-Smith et. al, 2003 and Luthar Goldstein 2004)However both environment and individual factors need to be focused on in tandem as both are equally important in dealing with the crux of the matter in making informed and balanced interventions. The highest recommendation is the prevention of community violence (Luthar Goldstein, 2004). Targeting the issue of community violence as a whole from an ecological model perspective is the more probable successful way to tap every domain that influence its pervasiveness. UNICEFs office in Jamaica estimates that violence costs the country over US$236 million or JA$15 billion annually. IN LOCAL communities affected most by violence, economic and social activities have been considerably reduced. Schools are underpopulated and when there is a flare-up of violence businesses, as well as schools close, the Statistical Institute of Jamaica (STATIN) stated in a 2007 report on violence and its costs. Audrey Pottinger, a consultant clinical psychologist at the Department of Child Guidance attached to the University of the West Indies said that the most frequent and traumatizing experiences students have are cruel tea-sing or verbal humiliation, followed by robbery and physical attack. She was making reference to a recent study done with a sample of more than 200 students from primary and secondary schools. Meanwhile, Dr Herbert Gayle, University of the West Indies-based anthropologist who produced the recent study on early training of males in criminal behaviour, suggested that the Government should invest more in education as one means of reducing crime. (Jamaicas Burden of crime, 2009). The consequences of community violence interrelatedness and broad propensity cannot be overemphasized. Consequences of not providing the necessary preventative, ameliorative or rehabilitative services will put additional strain on Jamaicas economy in terms of Jamaican dollars needed. Apart from the negative emotional health impact on the nation, the quality of life of the citizens will remain at continued risk (Crwaford-Browne, 2010). Macro implications of the impact of violence are insidious. Children develop dysfunctional interpersonal patterns in their relationships as it relates to violence and understanding their world. Psychological impacts through overexposure and trauma is difficult to quantify and this presents far-reaching limitations. Evaluating the system as a whole from the ecological model perspective ease this challenge as factors from the varying levels of the model can be targeted to cushion insidious effects of community violence. Recommendations Feerick and Prinz posited that specific issues for research issues in relation to community violence need to be probed (2003). Suggested issues include consequences of co-occurring risk factors, mediators, moderators and mechanisms. The premise of this review cautions this specific issues approach from the perspective that issues should not be investigated in a detached fashion, but rather enmeshed. Violence Prevention There are individual and community approaches to violence prevention (World Health Organization, 2002). On an individual level, public health authorities should encourage healthy behaviours that do not include violence as well as educating individuals in order to persuade them to change violent behaviours. In the community there are many opportunities to raise public awareness and stem community violence. Advocating for policy changes that address larger environmental issues (See Logsdon, 2010). Only with change that address the issue of community violence from the dimensions of the socio-ecological model- in making informed planning and implementing with regard to prevention and intervention programming. Summary/Conclusion This paper seeks to provide an overview of the current literature regarding effects exposure to community violence on children in systemic framework, and to identify the interrelatedness of the impacts at all levels on the social ecological model. In addition, recommendations are made that prevention and intervention programs use this systemic approach to better address and curtail the impacts of community violence. Violence in its various forms have been taking a heavy toll on the physical, emotional and mental health of Jamaican children, who exhibit symptoms of depression, PSTSD, aggressive impulsive behaviour, difficulty concentrating, bedwetting, and attachment problems. It is important to note that many of these symptoms exist within the context of unstable familial environments and are factors that are associated with aggressive and delinquent behaviours (Samms-Vaughan, 2005), further fuelling our present endemic of violence (Crawford-Browne, 2010). Poor quality of life and marginalization are some social impact of chronic violence exposure (Crawford-Browne, 2010). The researcher expounded that children get caught in the symbolic net of the different forms of violence which interact with each other with gruesome consequences. In explaining further, it is noted that the different types of violence emanates and ricochet from the various systems that interface and intercedes. The impact from a systemic level is quite distinct here. Clear it is that the childs experience here at all levels, the home, family, communities and society are impacted (Crawford-Browne, 2010). Peer Relations Community violence as daily variable offers negative role models that place of the government and community-building organizations (Crawford-Browne, 2010). Role models as such are the perennial figures of a Community Don or notorious gang leader. These negative role models act as agent of socialization. Hypthesis .

Preservation of Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Habitat Essay -- Argumentative

Preservation of Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Habitat Ever since 1973, when the Endangered Species Act came into being, conservationists and private landowners have been debating over whether to preserve the habitats of many endangered species found in unprotected areas (Ligon et al, 1986). Increasing levels of human development has led to the cutting of old-growth forests and construction of roads and other physical barriers to wildlife. These activities have greatly contributed to the fragmentation of wildlife habitat, which has had detrimental effects on the population structure and survivorship of the affected area’s indigenous species. One species that has been affected by habitat fragmentation is the red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis), a nonmigratory bird with a home range covering most of the southeastern United States (Roise et al, 1990). Habitat fragmentation has led to the loss of genetic variability, nesting sites, and suitable population sizes to support cooperative breeding requirements. These factors h ave been responsible for the precipitous decline of the red-cockaded woodpecker. Because the red-cockaded woodpecker provides important ecological and economic benefits to both humans and the environment, we should strongly consider enacting a conservation plan for this species. The red-cockaded woodpecker, an inhabitant of mature pine forests and pine-grassland ecosystems from Maryland to eastern Texas, has had a troubled history within the last decade (Roise et al, 1990). Ten years ago, James documented a population decline in America’s largest remaining red-cockaded woodpecker population (1991). Of the 2,157 clusters, or living groups, contained in national forests, 693 of them were located in Florid... ...ed, J. M., Walters, J. R., Emigh, T. E., and Seaman, D. E. 1993. Effective population size in Red-cockaded Woodpeckers: population and model differences. Conservation Biology. 7(2):302-308. Roise, J., Chung, J., Lancia, R., and Lennartz, M. 1990. Red-cockaded Woodpecker habitat and timber management: production possibilities. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 14(1):6-12. Stangel, P. W., Lennartz, M. R., and Smith, M. H. 1992. Genetic variation and population structure of Red-cockaded Woodpeckers. Conservation Biology. 6(2):283-292. US Geological Survey. April 2000. Red-Cockaded Woodpecker. http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/ resource/1998/forest/species/picobore.htm Wilson, C. W., Masters, R. E., and Bukenhofer, G. A. 1995. Breeding bird response to pine-grassland community restoration for Red-cockaded Woodpeckers. Journal of Wildlife Management. 59(1):56-67.

Explain The Features Of Romanticism In

Explain the features of Romanticism in architecture. In what ways did this differ from the Classical in terms of both style and philosophy? Romanticism also called The Picturesque Style. Romanticism began in the asses and lasted through the asses, Romanticism is largely a movement that grew out of the lingering effects of the revolt against aristocratic rule that began with the French Revolution (Palmer, 10 Junk 2011). This essays will analyses both Romanticism and Classicism differences, it will also analyses the style of Romanticism and begin to explain what is represented by this movement.From this essays, the features of Romanticism will be uncovered. Romanticism was thought to represents strong emotion and expressed spiritual and religious beliefs. Romanticism in art is traditionally understood in terms of its culture context, its philosophical ideas, and it types of sources, while a characterization of its style remains elusive (Palmer, 10 Junk 2011). The period of Romanticism architecture in a not so progressive manner, they believe nature and God had become one, and wisdom, history, and mythical intrigue influenced how people viewed life and inconformity.Romanticism is often associated with allegory. It is as though the pavement has hidden meanings expressing beauty and strangeness. In general, romantic style often using asymmetrical organization and avoid using the geometrical arrangement. The style was very fanciful and truly exaggerated with a wide selection of beautiful designs which include incommoding, paintings and other materials. Despite the fascination of Romantic with nature and the universe and their interest in changing society with their newfound individualism, they liked to remember the beauty of the Gothic style.This nostalgic view of the past grew as their hope for better everything and mystic influences later portrayed in art and literature rated a visual awakening for many. The Romantic architecture setting which aimed to stress the i mportance of nature with grand castles and extremely decorative towers based upon medieval cathedrals. This architectural style consisted of grandiose and sometimes overwhelming details. Its asymmetrical structure and vertical framings added heights and majestic facades to buildings of all sizes. Gargoyles, circulations, spires, and window frames were added to small churches and public facilities.Buildings during this time represented eccentric natural expression beauty, the bigger and more decorative the better. Romanticism in architecture became very popular, especially with aristocracy, this being the reason why many rich people begun to alter their homes. The most famous is William Beckoned, an English Novelist who was born in Fontanel, Wiltshire (Backwardness. Com, 2014). He was a huge fan of romanticism architecture style. He employed an architect called James Wyatt to design Fontanel Abbey; Fontanel Abbey was a huge 520 acre estate on which a rather eccentric gothic style cas tle or cathedral was completed in 1807.Fontanel Abbey a country house with a tower 270 feet high (Million, 2011). Besides that, there is another famous Romantic Architecture trademark. It is Walpole Strawberry Hill castle. Horace Walpole, Britain's first Prime Minister, hired Johann Heimlich Mount built Strawberry Hill to house his vast collection of treasures. In creating Strawberry Hill, Walpole inspired a new fashion for gothic in both architecture and literature (Extraterritoriality. Org. UK, 2014). Horace Walpole mentioned ‘It was built to please my own taste, and in some degree to realism my own visions. Strawberry Hill took many of the decorative elements of exterior medieval Gothic and moved them to the interior of the house (Ross, 2014). There is so many famous architect and designer on Romantic period such as John Nash. Nash were hired by Prince Regent, for ideas on developing the farmland called Marrowbone Park and surrounding areas. After that, Prince Regent asked Nash remodeling Brighton Pavilion into a palace. Nash begin with Indian design, and as work progressed, incorporating further Eastern design elements. The result has been called â€Å"Indian Gothic with a flavor of Chinese† (Hardwood, 1993).Sir Charles Barry, one of the architects of Gothic Revival in England. In 1836, Barry won the contest of designing a new Houses of Parliament building, also called Westminster Palace (Encyclopedia Britannic, 2013). John Risking rebelled against classical architecture and the society of his time in general. Although not bold enough to admit his true opinions true his writings, his studies on medieval architecture became some of the most influential in the rise Gothic building. His most memorable influence was the Oxford Museum of Natural History (Lancaster. C. UK, 2014). In addition, A. W. N Puking, the architect, writer and theorist, had an enormous influence upon architecture and design into the mantic period. His conversion to Catholicis m and his advocacy for a ‘correct' form of Gothic architecture that reflected faith. His publications influenced small churches, cathedrals, and institutions. Furthermore, the Gothic Revival movement could be said to begin in Britain, France also experienced an architectural awakening as many Romantics traveled to Paris to search for inspiration.After France's De Christianization, many looked back to the middle Ages as true Christian era. Thus began a period of preservation of their old buildings in the midst of their Restoration period (Perez. Com, 2014). Prosper Merrier is French dramatist, historian and archaeologist. His pessimistic Romanticism and writings on mysticism, as well as his interest in the unknown made him responsible for the preservation of many Gothic buildings. He is well known as a Gothic architectural inspector (and. Com, 2014). Classicism dates back to 1700 A. D.This particular style was very popular with the Romans and inspired by the Ancient Greeks. Cla ssical buildings are often thought to symbolism architecture of great importance such as town halls, banks or chapels. The classicism architecture represents symmetry, geometry, simplicity, harmony and hemolytic solidity. This is much more different with Romanticism architecture. The detail of the stonework was developed greatly after Romans discovered bricks and concrete which enabled them to customize the aesthetics and properties of their towns and cities (lugubriousness's. Org. UK, 2014).Classicism can usually be identified by the following characteristics, the posts and lintels which stand proud across the entrance. The Roman arch is also regarded as a primary characteristics of classical architecture, due to efforts by the Roman arches were able to be wider panned and still with stand the weight of the stone and maintaining a strong structure over which an enormous dome acted as roof (Sober, 2014) . There are many examples of classical architecture such as basilica, Amphitheat re and triumph arches. A perfect example of Classicism Architecture would be The Pantheon.The Pantheon is known to be one of the greatest spiritual buildings in the period. The grand entrance is emphasized by the Corinthian capitals used to support the concrete lintel above. This magnificent building incorporates the three main characteristics of classicism; the post, lintel, dome and the archways (dialogues. It, 014). Neo-classicism architecture developed greatly in the late 18th and 19th centuries in Europe and America, it emphasized a return to the Classical period to align the rules and principals of Classicism.Neoclassicism was born out of a rejection of the Rocco and late Baroque style in the middle of 18th century. Neo classicism suggested that man could be perfect nature through science. Neoclassicism has many symmetrical shape, tall columns that rise the full height of the building (Craven, 2014). Symmetrical Neoclassical buildings modeled after classical Greek temples were thought to symbolize principles of Justice and democracy. One of the most influential Founding Fathers, Thomas Jefferson, drew upon Palladian and Classical ideals when he drew architectural plans for the new nation, the United States (Craven, 2014).In both the Classicism and Romanticism style, it is fair to say that both forms and architecture are represent by such a grand scale and detailed stonework as well as being their recognized for their both decorative characteristics(Million, 2011). Moreover, Classicism thought of the world as having a rigid and stern structure, the Romanticism thought of the world as a place to express their ideas and believes. This had cause the style of architecture become so different. Classicism architecture was renowned for the levels of mathematics and science used. Education was the main philosophical for the design reason.Romanticism was played with the unseen, unreal and emotional style of nature and the elements to convey what the architect expe rienced or felt like expressing Classicism architecture is often built on town halls, banks, temple or chapels but Romanticism architecture is built on churches, cathedrals, and castles (Million, 2011). Again Classicism architecture got three strong characteristics such as the posts and lintels, dome and he arches but Romanticism architecture most common characteristic is its lifting of architectural elements from almost any source.In conclusion, grand changes were made between Classicism and Romanticism architecture. Many changes occurred throughout the design movement in both style and philosophy. The classicism philosophies altered from mathematics, education and symbolic state and the romanticism style represents the expression, drama and emotion with spiritual and religious meaning. Design and style is widely evolved from simplistic symmetrical, geometry to asymmetrical creative and ‘picturesque' beauty. Bibliography Backwardness. Mom, (2014). The Beckoned Arms I History of William Beckoned, owner of Fontanel Estate, Disturb Wiltshire.

John Winthrop essays

John Winthrop essays During the year, 1548, when English sailors had successfully defeated the Spanish Armada, John Winthrop was born. Winthrop was the son of a London cloth merchant, Adam Winthrop. John grew up in the country side of England at a confiscated monastery that his grandfather, Adam Winthrop I, had purchased and named it Groton Manor. The manor was a wonderful place for a child to go up and have many adventures at. Groton was surrounded by wheat and rye fields, and dotted with dark woods. However, unknowingly to John Winthrop his greatest adventures would be found outside the seemingly safety of Groton Manor. The first of Winthrops adventures was laid at his feet during the year of 1603. In March, of that year, Winthrop would be sent off to his fathers alma mater Trinity College, in Cambridge. He was fifteen when he left home and little is known of how college life affected Winthrop. All that is known is what he wrote home about, writing among other things, that he had fallen into a lingering fever that seemed to take his comfort of his life (Morgan p.6). Winthrops home sickness did not last long, for he was back at home, in Groton, within two years. During this time period it was customary for sons of gentlemen to not stay at college long enough to receive a degree of any kind. Upon his return home, Winthrops next opportunity for adventure came quickly. This adventure appeared in the form of marriage. Within a week of his arriving home Mr. John Forth, of neighboring Great Stambridge, called upon Johns father Adam. The two men discussed the union of their children, Mary Forth and John Winthrop. The practice of prearranged marriages was normal for this time period. On March 28, 1605 John and his father traveled to Great Stambridge, where a contracted for the union of John and Mary was held. A contract was a ceremony that is similar to an engagement in todays society. E ...

High School English Courses Needed for College

High School English Courses Needed for College English is perhaps the only high school subject for which colleges almost universally require or recommend a full four years of study. The college admissions officers will expect you to have strong writing and reading skills since these are at the heart of college success whether youre an engineer or a history major. This is also why many colleges require students to take courses in writing as part of a general education requirement- strong writing and communication skills are important for nearly every major and career. In fact, many high schools require students to take four years of English classes for exactly that reason. Samples of Different English Requirements Different colleges word their English requirements differently, but as the examples below illustrate, nearly all want to see four years of high school English: Carleton College: The strongest applicants will have completed four years of English, and at a minimum the college wants to see three years of coursework with an emphasis on writing.MIT: The institute wants to see applicants who have a strong academic foundation in high school that includes four years of English.NYU:  The university notes that the best prepared students have taken four years of English with an emphasis on writing.Stanford: Stanford does not have any requirement for English preparation, but the university states that the best prepared applicants have completed four years of English with a significant emphasis on writing and literature.UCLA: The universitys admissions folks will be looking for four years of college preparatory English that include the reading of classic and modern literature along with frequent and regular writing. Like many schools on this list, UCLA doesnt want to see more than one year of ESL-type course work.  Williams College: Williams has no absolute requirements for English study, but the admissions folks tend to admit students who have a distinguished record in a four-year sequence of English coursework.   Notice that many of these colleges specifically emphasize writing-intensive English courses. There is no exact definition of what makes a high school English course writing-intensive, and your school may not have denoted their courses as such. If a large part of your high school English course was focused on developing writing techniques and style, it will probably count toward a colleges writing-intensive course requirement. English Requirement vs. Recommendation It is also important to remember that, while many schools may recommend four years of English rather than require it, colleges look more favorably upon applicants who have met or exceeded the recommended guidelines. A strong high school record is the best indicator of your potential performance in college, and it almost always the most important part of your entire college application. Admissions officers are looking for students who challenge themselves in their coursework, not those who simply meet the minimum recommendations. The table below summarizes the recommended or required English coursework for a range of colleges and universities. School English Requirement Auburn University 4 years required Carleton College 3 years required, 4 years recommended (emphasis on writing) Centre College 4 years recommended Georgia Tech 4 years required Harvard University 4 years recommended MIT 4 years required NYU 4 years required (emphasis on writing) Pomona College 4 years recommended Smith College 4 years required Stanford University 4 years recommended (emphasis on writing and literature) UCLA 4 years required University of Illinois 4 years required University of Michigan 4 years required (at least 2 rigorous writing courses are recommended) Williams College 4 years recommended Requirements for Non-Native Speakers of English If you attended all four years of high school at an institution where all of the instruction was conducted in English, you will have fulfilled the English admissions requirement for most colleges. This assumes you took an English class every year  and those classes were not remedial. Thus, even if English is not your first language, you will have successfully demonstrated your proficiency without further testing.   If your high school instruction was in a language other than English, you will most likely need to demonstrate your proficiency through standardized testing. One of the most common and popular options is the TOEFL,  the Test of English as a Foreign Language. A good score on the TOEFL will be necessary to demonstrate that you have mastered English enough to succeed in college. The TOEFL, however, is rarely the only option for proving that your English language skills are satisfactory. Many colleges and universities will also accept scores from the IELTS, International Language Testing System. Scores from AP, IB, ACT, and SAT exams are also used by some colleges to help them assess an applicants language proficiency. Sources:Carleton College: https://www.carleton.edu/admissions/apply/steps/criteria/MIT:  http://mitadmissions.org/apply/prepare/highschoolNYU:  https://www.nyu.edu/admissions/undergraduate-admissions/how-to-apply/all-freshmen-applicants/high-secondary-school-preparation.htmlStanford University:  https://admission.stanford.edu/apply/selection/prepare.html  UCLA:  admission.ucla.edu/Prospect/Adm_fr/fracadrq.htm​  Williams:  https://admission.williams.edu/apply/​

Machiavelli in practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Machiavelli in practice - Essay Example The success of the quote will be looked at as well. â€Å"A man who is used to acting in one way never changes; he must come to ruin when the times, in changing, no longer are in harmony with his ways.† This quote means that some rulers are stubborn. They feel that their way has worked for years. Their way is right. However as the world changes the ruler is disposed due to his unwillingness to change. Whether a country changes politically, economically, territorially, or otherwise a ruler must be able to rule the changed country. If the ruler does not change to meet the new challenges, the ruler will be overthrown. An example from history about a man never changing is Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler came to rule Germany during an economic crisis. His policy of a greater Germanic race had an underlying policy of war. Hitler wanted to rule Europe as a pure Aryan race with the Slavic peoples as slaves or dead. When the war begin going against Hitler, he refused to change his policies. Hitler could have surrendered, but he did not want to. His vision of conquering Europe blinded him. If he would have changed, Hitler might not have eventually been defeated. Saddam Hussein is another example of a man unwilling to change. Hussein ruled Iraq with an iron fist. Iraqis that opposed him were put to death or tortured. Hussein invaded Kuwait. Hussein’s goal was to rule Iraq with an iron fist. After the first Gulf War, Hussein was placed under a monitoring system through NATO. He defied the order over and over. Nothing happened for turning away NATO inspectors or continuing down the path he was on. However, after 9/11 the threat of a nuclear Iraq was intolerable to the United States. It was not true, but even the appearance of the threat was unbearable. Hussein did not change with the times. He kept baiting the United States. As a result America invaded Iraq. Hussein was eventually

Environmental Problems and Role of International, European Community, Essay

Environmental Problems and Role of International, European Community, and Domestic Laws for Environment Protection - Essay Example The paper tells that today, it is an era of various environmental issues that have emerged in our society because of the technological advancement, man has made for ease and comfort. There are numerous environmental problems, which have become a part of our world today causing other hazardous situation for the people living in the society. Environmental laws have been proposed by the concerned authorities to address the problem in most efficient manner. Problems relate to environment are not only confined to local regions, but this problem has reached up to global level adding complexities in daily routine of people and imposing further health related issues at other side. Environmentalists and experts from all over the world have considered it an important issue that could create more problems for all living organisms. They have suggested various suitable methods and strategic tools to deal with the problems of environment without increasing risk factors for any other problem. Conce rned professionals have made environmental laws, comprise of crucial interlocking figures in the form of treaties, rules, conventions, and other statutes that organized and maintain a bond between people and the natural atmosphere, where they live. All environmental issues have resulted from human activities and inventions. At one side, there are several problems related to environment, but the core issue is termed as pollution, an undesirable and intolerable situation around living environment, which gives birth to various other problems in the society by polluting air, water, and land. 1. Apart, from pollution other environmental issues involve the challenges of saving plants, animals and countless natural resources along with specific areas of human life from hazardous influences of those conditions that are responsible for destroying and eroding living and non-living both components of the world2. Other than human activities, climate change in the form of global warming is anoth er major factor that contributes to cause many environmental changes in an inverse direction. But, the changes in earth`s climate is also a result of human inventions and use of technology, made to create fastest production of goods, communication and travelling. For instance, burning of fossil fuels, woods, and elimination of greenhouse gases from industries are influencing our environment dangerously3. The elimination of these toxic gases in the air is polluting our surroundings and making it difficult for every living organism to breathe in fresh air from the environment containing mixtures of many gases, which are dangerous for human`s skin, brain and heart4. Maintaining life of animals and plants and other precious creatures of the world is another vital concern of environmental problem. It is mainly because changes in earth`s temperature and polluting of air present in the atmosphere are not the only matters related to environmental issues, but the forests and marine life is a lso suffering equally5. Researchers have found that global warming is resulting in increasing sea level and its temperature as well, which cause death to many tiny marine animals and plants present on the upper surface of the sea level. In addition, man is consuming trees and plants to burn wood and manufacture required products along with the preparation of other goods as well such as, rubber, glue, medicines, food, and many more6. In this way, methods of deforestation are contributing to remove those natural sources that purify our environment by